Fainting: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Prevention

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

What Is Fainting?

When your brain is not supplied with enough oxygen, you experience a temporary loss of consciousness. It comes on suddenly, lasts for a short time, and you quickly recover. It’s also sometimes referred to as a blackout.

In medicine, syncope is referred to as a temporary disturbance of consciousness. It is not jerking like a seizure. Fainting may be caused by a serious problem. If you experience fainting, seek medical assistance.

In general, this is very uncommon, unless you are older or if it occurs when you are lying down or when exercising.

If you faint, you become unconscious for a few seconds. It’s also called blacking out or passing out. The medical term for fainting is synchronicity. You may feel sick or sweaty before you faint or you may faint suddenly.

In a passing out you fall to the ground. This is not the same as a seizure when you jerk. You feel normal again after a few seconds. Some people feel really tired after waking up. A person usually faints due to some reason, such as being in pain or standing for an extended period in a hot place.

When the brain’s oxygen levels fall below a certain level, we faint because more oxygen-rich blood reaches the brain easier.

Types of Fainting:

Syncope occurs in several forms, including these three:

Vasovagal syncope: The vagus nerve can trigger vasovagal syncope. This type of syncope can result from psychological trauma, stress, the sight of blood, or standing upright for a long time.

Carotid sinus syncope: Constriction of the carotid artery in the neck happens when the person turns their head to one side or wears a collar that is too tight.

Situational syncope: The strain may be caused by coughing, urinating, moving your bowels, or experiencing digestive issues.

Causes of Fainting:

Several things can cause you to faint, including:

Common faint (NMS): A common cause of fainting is vasovagal syncope, which can occur in many different situations. These include:

Fear.
Severe emotional distress or pain.
After extreme exercise.
This can happen if a person stands for a long period in a hot place (hence why soldiers on parade may faint).
If you wear a collar that constricts your neck.

You might feel sweaty and appear pale during attacks. Your eyes will probably stay open.

Orthostatic hypotension: Upon standing up, the blood pressure drops, causing fainting. It can occur for several reasons:

Blood pressure was lowered by medication.
The body lacks fluid when it is sick (vomiting) when it is experiencing diarrhea (diarrhea), or for any other reason (for example, being dehydrated).
Parkinson’s disease and peripheral neuropathy, for example, can lead to peripheral neuropathy.
After a big meal.

Cardiac syncope: The fainting usually occurs as a result of an underlying heart condition. There may be a family history of sudden death. Chest pain or feeling of a thumping heart (palpitations) may precede the fainting. It can occur during exercise as well.

What are the Symptoms of Fainting?

The symptoms of faintness include:

Dizziness
Light-headedness
A pale face
Perspiration
Heightened anxiety and restlessness
Nausea
Collapse
Unconsciousness, for a few seconds
Full recovery after a few minutes.

Fainting might be a way for your body to tell you that something is wrong. Further examination is sometimes needed when a collapse is caused by a stroke or abnormal heart rhythm.

Similarly, slurred speech, facial droop, or weakness in any limb are signs of a serious condition. If a person complains of breathlessness, chest pains, or palpitations, or if their pulse is unusually fast or slow, they need to see a doctor.

Prevention of Fainting:

Here are some steps you can take if you think you’re going to faint:

Be careful when moving and change positions very slowly when feeling faint. When lying down, lift your legs slightly above your head. If you feel faint, raise your legs slightly above your head.
It is also helpful if you sit up with your head between your knees. Though this position does not help blood reach the brain as much as lying down, it can help you feel better if you slowly adjust to an upright position.
Don’t let yourself get dehydrated by not drinking enough liquids during the day. During exercise and in warm weather, drink plenty of fluids.
Make sure your blood is flowing. If you have to stand or sit for a long time, take frequent breaks and get up and move around. You can also occasionally cross your legs or tense the muscles in your legs.
When possible, stay away from overly hot, stuffy, or cramped conditions.

How is Fainting diagnosed?

A physical examination is usually the first step in diagnosing vasovagal syncope. During this check-up, your doctor will listen to your heart and measure your blood pressure.

You might also feel faint if the practitioner massages your neck’s main arteries.

In addition, your doctor may recommend several tests to make sure that the cause of your fainting is not something else – such as a heart problem. These tests may include:

Electrocardiogram: You may be required to wear a portable heart monitor for as long as a month to record the electrical signals your heart produces. It can detect irregular heartbeats and other cardiac problems.

Echocardiogram: With ultrasound imaging, the heart is viewed and conditions such as valve problems, which can cause fainting, are checked for.

Exercise stress test: Exercise is usually conducted on a treadmill or while walking. During this test, your heart rhythms are recorded.

Blood Tests: There are certain conditions, including anemia, that can cause or contribute to fainting spells.

Tilt table test: A tilt table test is recommended if your fainting seems unrelated to heart problems. You lie on your back on a table that changes positions, tilting you upward at various angles while lying flat. While undergoing this test, a technician will monitor your blood pressure and heart rate to determine if the posture changes can affect them.

You can also read: CIRRHOSIS: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION & TREATMENT

Treatment of fainting:

Fainting is not normal, even if the cause isn’t serious. If the person isn’t breathing or has no pulse, have a bystander start CPR. If an AED is accessible, contact urgent care or the emergency department.

If a fainting episode is caused by an underlying health condition, treatment will be needed. This will help prevent further fainting episodes. Sometimes, however, no further treatment is required.

It is recommended that people avoid triggers, such as long periods of standing still, dehydration, and excessive heat exposure, to prevent future fainting episodes.

During medical procedures that involve injections or blood, a patient should notify their physician if fainting is a result of the sight or contemplation of this. Once the individual is lying down, a nurse or doctor can proceed with the procedure while ensuring that they are in a safe position.

A person may benefit from beta-blockers if neurocardiogenic syncope interferes with their quality of life. Beta-blockers are primarily used to treat high blood pressure.

Beta-blockers, however, can be associated with fatigue, cold hands and feet, a slow pulse and heartbeat, nausea, and diarrhea.

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Encephalopathy: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

What Is Encephalopathy?

A person suffering from an encephalopathy has damage to their brain or a disease that affects their brain. These changes cause an altered mental state, leaving them confused and not acting like they usually do.

This group of disorders is not one disease, but a combination of many different disorders. It’s a serious health condition that can result in either temporary or permanent brain damage without treatment.

Encephalopathy can be confused with encephalitis. They sound similar, but they are two different conditions. In encephalitis, the brain becomes swollen or irritated. On the other hand, encephalopathy is a mental condition that can happen due to a variety of health problems. The most common cause of encephalopathy is encephalitis.

Types of Encephalopathy:

There are two types of encephalopathy: acute and chronic. Acute encephalopathies include hepatic, uremic, hypertensive, Hashimoto’s, and Wernicke’s, while chronic encephalopathies include chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), hypoxic-ischemic, and spongiform.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy:

As a result of repeated head injuries over a long period, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) develops which is a progressive (gradually worsening) condition of the brain.

Even though CTE is not widely prevalent, this type of encephalopathy is mostly associated with athletes (such as American football players), military personnel who are subject to repetitive blunt head trauma, and victims of domestic violence.

Head trauma does not immediately cause CTE symptoms – it requires repeated head traumas over years. Long-term effects can include depression, memory problems, impulsive behavior, and difficulties with decision-making and completing tasks.

Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy:

As a result of underactive thyroid function, Hashimoto’s encephalopathy (HE) is a more severe form of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Estimates estimate that 2.1% of a population of 100,000 is affected by Hashimoto’s encephalopathy.

A few of the symptoms of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy are seizures, confusion, and dementia. Aside from causing psychosis, it is also known to cause visual hallucinations and paranoia.

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy:

The condition called hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, or HIE, happens when the brain does not receive enough oxygen for a long time.

An injury of this type can cause permanent brain damage. As opposed to a stroke, multiple areas of the brain are affected by low oxygen simultaneously, not just one.

An HIE can take place before birth, during childbirth, or shortly thereafter in newborns. Umbilical knots can occur as a result of pregnancy-related issues, trauma during delivery, and umbilical cord knots.

There is a wide range of outcomes following HIE. HIE can have a variety of effects on babies, some are not noticeable, while others suffer permanent brain damage.

Hypertensive Encephalopathy:

Hypertension causes hypertensive encephalopathy, a generalized brain problem caused by high blood pressure. Headaches, vomiting, imbalance problems, and confusion are symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy. These symptoms can lead to seizures or bleeding behind the eyes.

When blood pressure medications are abruptly stopped, hypertensive encephalopathy can occur.

Infectious Encephalopathies:

There are several different types of infectious encephalopathies. These diseases are caused by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which are also called prion diseases. Among them are chronic wasting disease, fatal familial insomnia, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

A spongy-like appearance to the brain is the result of holes in these encephalopathies. As a result, infectious encephalopathies are neurogenerative in nature—they continue to cause brain damage over time.

Metabolic Encephalopathy:

Metabolic encephalopathy occurs when a health condition—like diabetes, kidney failure, heart failure, or liver disease—affects proteins, electrolytes, or nutrients in a way that makes it hard for the brain to function. For instance, high blood sugar can lead to confusion or a coma.

Patients who don’t receive optimal treatment for their underlying cause are likely to suffer from neurological symptoms. Sometimes, metabolic encephalopathies can cause reversible brain damage.

Wernicke Encephalopathy:

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), which is often caused by alcohol abuse, is associated with low levels of vitamin B, especially thiamine (vitamin B1). Confusion, loss of mental acuity, changes in vision, and problems with coordination are some of the symptoms of WE.

Uremic Encephalopathy:

The condition is caused by kidney failure, which can result in uremic toxins accumulating in the brain.

Lethargy, confusion, seizures, or coma are common symptoms. Dialysis or kidney transplantation are the treatments for uremic encephalopathy.

Glycine Encephalopathy:

An abnormally high level of glycine (an amino acid) in the brain causes glycine encephalopathy, a genetic condition.

An infant with this form of encephalopathy is typically weak, sleepy, has trouble eating, has low muscle tone, has abnormal jerking movements, and has trouble breathing.

Hepatic Encephalopathy:

When cirrhosis, chronic liver damage, results in scarring and liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy can occur.

Hepatic encephalopathy occurs when the liver is unable to adequately eliminate toxins from the blood, and these toxins ultimately cause brain damage.

There are two types of encephalopathy: acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term). Hepatic encephalopathy may cause a person to become unresponsive and go into a coma in some cases.

Causes of Encephalopathy:

Encephalopathy can be caused by several different factors.

The following are some examples of causes of encephalopathy:

The influence of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, or prions), Excessive oxygen deprivation to the brain, such as following a traumatic event),
Alcoholic (toxic effects of alcohol),
hepatic (such as liver cancer or failure of the liver),
A uremic condition (kidney failure),
Diseases of the metabolism (hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, or hyperglycemia)
brain tumors,
The presence of toxic chemicals (mercury, lead, or ammonia),
Changes in pressure in the brain (often due to bleeding or tumors), and
Nutritional deficiencies (insufficient vitamin B1 intake, alcohol withdrawal).

There are many possible causes of encephalopathy, and these examples are not all comprehensive. However, they illustrate the wide range of possible causes.

There are a variety of causes of encephalopathy, but most of them fall under three major categories (examples are in parentheses):

The following infections (HIV, Neisseria meningitides, herpes, hepatitis B and C),
Alcohol causes liver damage (toxins and alcohol),
The loss of brain cells as a result of anoxia or trauma.
Uremia (kidney failure).

The use of drugs such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine may cause encephalopathy; for example, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The symptoms of this syndrome are headache, confusion, and seizures.

What are the symptoms of encephalopathy?

Encephalopathy has different symptoms depending on the individual.

A change in mental state is one of the most common symptoms of encephalopathy, with symptoms such as:

Memory loss
Having trouble concentrating or thinking clearly
drowsiness
An alteration of personality including irritability, aggression, impulsiveness, or thoughts of suicide

Some people might also have:

Twitching of the muscles involuntarily
Speaking with difficulty
Having trouble swallowing
Weird eye movements
tremor
Weakness of muscles
seizures
dementia
Consciousness is lost

Encephalopathy can take several forms. It can come on very quickly and disappear very quickly for some people suffering from acute encephalopathy. Others suffer from chronic encephalopathy, which tends to take a long time to develop.

People with underlying chronic illnesses, such as liver disease, may become well at times before experiencing episodes of encephalopathy caused by an infection, bleeding in the digestive tract, alcohol, prescription medications, or electrolyte imbalance.

While some encephalopathies permanently damage the brain, others do not. Some can be fatal too.

You can also Read: EAR INFECTIONS: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, RISK FACTORS AND TREATMENT

How is encephalopathy diagnosed?

The first thing your doctor will do is perform a thorough physical examination and review your medical history.

As a result, your doctor might recommend:

Brain imaging. You can use an MRI or CT scan to determine if your symptoms are due to swelling of the brain or to another condition such as a tumor.

Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). You can obtain a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by inserting a needle into your lower back. CSF serves as a protective cushion for the brain and spinal column.

Changing amounts of this fluid may indicate a condition involving infection or inflammation. Tests can sometimes be performed on CSF samples to identify viruses or other infectious agents.

Other lab tests. Viruses or other infectious agents can be detected in blood, urine, or excretions from the back of the throat.
Electroencephalogram (EEG). The brain’s electrical activity is recorded through electrodes attached to the scalp. A certain pattern of abnormalities may indicate encephalitis.
Brain biopsy. In rare cases, a small amount of brain tissue will be removed for testing. The only time a brain biopsy is recommended is when symptoms worsen and treatments are ineffective.

Treatment of Encephalopathy:

Depending on the cause of the symptoms, encephalopathy is treated differently. Encephalopathies are treated differently for different reasons.

Various encephalopathy treatments are available depending on the cause:

Short-term anoxia (usually less than two minutes): oxygen therapy
Long-term anoxia: rehabilitation
Alcohol toxicity in the short term: fluids or no treatment
The treatment for chronic alcoholism (cirrhosis and chronic liver disease) is oral lactulose, a low-protein diet, and antibiotics.
Uremia (due to kidney failure): Dialysis, kidney transplant, and correction of underlying physiologic causes
If you have diabetic encephalopathy, you should administer glucose to correct hypoglycemia and insulin to correct hyperglycemia
In hypertensive or hypotensive encephalopathy, medications are used to raise (for hypotensive) or lower (for hypertensive) blood pressure

Any encephalopathy can be effectively treated by determining the basic cause and designing a treatment plan to reduce or eliminate that cause. Among all of the types of encephalopathy, there is one that cannot be treated; it is static encephalopathy (permanent mental impairment or brain damage).

With static encephalopathy, the best course of action is, if possible, to prevent further damage and then implement rehabilitation to optimize functional ability.

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Echocardiogram: What is It, Types, Preparation, and Results

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

The anatomy of the heart includes four chambers and four valves that work together to circulate blood throughout the body.

The heart needs these structures to function normally, and the heart muscle needs to beat in a coordinated manner to ensure that blood flows into and out of each chamber in the right direction.

Echocardiogram uses an ultrasound machine to visualize the structure and function of the heart. It is a special test that examines the structure and function of the heart with the aid of an ultrasound machine.

What is Echocardiogram?

This ultrasound test or echocardiogram (echo=sound + card=heart + graph=drawing) can evaluate the structure of the heart as well as its blood flow.

These images and videos are created using specialized equipment, usually, a probe or transducer placed across various parts of the chest wall, depending on the angle at which the heart is viewed.

Echocardiograms are just one of many tests that can be performed to assess the anatomy and function of the heart. Cardiologists are trained to assess these images and provide a report of the results.

The most common heart trace is the electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG). Electrodes are placed on the chest wall and record the heart’s electrical activity. In addition to demonstrating the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat, an EKG can indicate how much blood flows from the arteries into the heart muscle and how thick it is.

During coronary catheterization, a cardiologist threads a catheter into the coronary arteries of the heart through the femoral artery in the groin, the radial artery in the wrist, or the brachial artery in the elbow. The procedure is highly invasive.

An injection of dye into the coronary arteries looks for blockages, and sometimes a balloon angioplasty can resolve the blockage by opening the blood vessel at the site of the blockage, restoring the flow of blood. An artery can be kept open with a stent.

You can also examine the valves and chambers of the heart, as well as major arteries and veins that enter or leave the heart.

What are the types of Echocardiograms?

There are several types of echocardiograms that doctors can use, all of which use high-frequency sound waves. A few examples are provided below.

1. Transthoracic echocardiogram

Transthoracic echocardiograms are the most common type of echocardiogram intrusted source testing. This test involves using an ultrasound transducer on the outside of the chest, near the heart.

The device sends sound waves into the heart where they bounce off the heart to create images of the heart structures on a screen. Gel applied to the chest aids the sound waves in traveling through the chest more efficiently.

2. Transesophageal echocardiogram

During a transesophageal echocardiogram, a thinner transducer attached to the end of the tube is swallowed by an individual so that it can be inserted into the esophagus, the tube between the mouth and stomach that runs behind the heart.

An echocardiogram of this type provides a more detailed view of the heart than the traditional transthoracic echocardiogram because it allows a closer look at the organ.

3. Doppler ultrasound

Doppler ultrasound can be used to determine the flow of blood. It works by using sound waves at specific frequencies and measuring how they bounce back to the transducer.

The blood that flows toward the transducer looks red, and the blood that flows away from the transducer looks blue in colored doppler ultrasounds byTrusted Source.

When a Doppler ultrasound is performed, it is possible to see whether there are problems with the valves or holes in the walls of the heart, and also to assess how the blood is moving through it.

4. Three-dimensional echocardiogram

Doctors can use 3D echocardiograms to create detailed images of the heart. 3D echocardiograms can be used to:

Evaluation of valve function in people with heart failure
Children and infants with heart problems can be diagnosed
Consider structural interventional surgery or heart valve replacement
3D assessment of heart function
image complex structures within the heart can be seen

5. Stress echocardiogram

During a stress test, the doctor monitors heart rate, blood pressure, and the electrical activity of the heart. An echocardiogram can be ordered as part of the stress test.

A transthoracic echocardiogram will be taken before and after the exercise.

Doctors use stress tests to diagnose:

ischemic heart disease
coronary heart disease
heart failure
problems affecting the heart valves

6. Fetal echocardiogram

The heart of an unborn baby can be viewed during a fetal echocardiogram which is usually done between 18 and 22 weeks of pregnancy. Because the test does not use radiation, it is not harmful to the mother or the unborn child.

Preparation of Echocardiogram:

The patient does not have to take any significant preparations before undergoing the transthoracic echocardiography. He or she is free to eat and drink as they desire, and they can also take their regular medications.

In contrast, patients who wish to undergo stress and transesophageal echocardiogram must remain without food several hours before the procedure. Another factor to consider is that the patient should inform their doctor if they have any difficulty swallowing so that they can decide whether this test should be conducted or not.

Patients should wear slightly loose clothes and comfortable shoes when undergoing a treadmill stress echocardiogram. The patient undergoing transesophageal echocardiography should make arrangements to return home before the test because sedating medication may be administered during or after the test (if needed).

During the Test:

Echocardiogram tests can be performed either in a hospital or a doctor’s office. Patients are asked to undress up to the waist and lie down on the examination table. A doctor or nurse attaches electrodes to the patient’s body so that current flows to the heart.

The electrodes are attached to the patient’s body using a gel that helps keep the electrodes attached while also facilitating the flow of sound waves and removing air bubbles between the transducer and the patient’s skin. The physician needs to dim the lights during the test to see the images clearly on the monitor.

A transducer is moved throughout the body by the doctor so that soundwaves can travel everywhere and images are shown on the monitor. This image is very helpful for analyzing the condition of the heart.

With a transesophageal echocardiogram, a transducer is inserted into the esophagus and a sound produced by the heart is heard by the patient. To make this process more convenient and less painful, doctors give sedatives or sprays to make the patient’s throat numb.

You can also Read: WHAT IS DANDRUFF?

Results

According to your doctor, the echo results will be summarized in a report that describes the heart anatomy, movements of the heart, and defects observed during the test. Your doctor will often schedule an appointment with you to discuss your results and your next steps considering the detailed nature of the report. You may receive the report within a few days to a few weeks.

The report should include:

You should have a heart rate within the range of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Heart size is determined by the dilation of chambers: larger-sized hearts have larger chambers.
Your pericardium is the protective tissue that surrounds your heart. It includes a description of its appearance and any abnormalities that may exist.
A comparison of your heart’s thickness to what is expected for your age, gender, and size.
Your heart valves were examined to determine whether there was regurgitation (leaking of blood flow).
Describe any congenital or anatomical defects or other unexpected findings.

Lastly, you may want to comment on the quality of the images in case there were any difficulties ensuring clarity that would affect the reliability of the results.

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Ear Infections: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatment

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

Your child sees a healthcare provider if he or she develops an ear infection, an infection within the space behind the eardrum. Treatments for ear infections include antibiotics, pain-relieving medications, and placement of ear tubes.

Bacteria and viruses infect the ear, causing swelling, pain, and bulging of the eardrum as a result of the trapped fluid behind the eardrum.

What is an Ear Infection?

Children and adults can get ear infections; the medical term is acute otitis media, which describes a sudden infection in the middle ear (behind the eardrum).

Although it is not the most common reason for young children to see their healthcare provider, ear infections are one of the most common reasons.

Many ear infections clear up on their own. However, your healthcare provider may prescribe a pain reliever or a medication to relieve pain if the infection worsens or does not improve. If the infection does not improve, an antibiotic may be prescribed.

An antibiotic is usually prescribed for ear infections in children younger than two years of age. It’s important to see your healthcare provider if you had an ear infection that didn’t heal or if you or your child are experiencing ongoing pain or discomfort.

Regular or repeated ear infections and fluid buildup behind the eardrum can lead to hearing loss and other serious problems.

Symptoms of Ear Infection:

The signs and symptoms of ear infections are usually rapid.

In Children’s:

Ear pain, especially when lying down
Tugging or pulling at an ear
Trouble sleeping
Crying more than usual
Fussiness
Trouble hearing or responding to sounds
Loss of balance
Having a temperature over 100 F (38 C)
Drainage of fluid from the ear
Headache
Loss of appetite

In Adults:

Ear pain
Drainage of fluid from the ear
Trouble hearing

Causes of Ear Infection:

In the middle ear, which is a small space behind the eardrum, air passes through the Eustachian tube from behind the nose, keeping a healthy balance of moisture and air.

Whenever the Eustachian tube becomes blocked or clogged, the middle ear does not receive enough fresh air, which creates a damp, stagnant, heat-producing environment perfect for fungi to grow.

Eustachian tubes often leak air into the middle ear when they are too soft or immature in children. Allergies, postnasal drainage, sinus infections, and common cold viruses can also block the Eustachian tube’s ability to function correctly.

The doctor will be able to diagnose an ear infection after looking at the red, bulging eardrum. It is common for children to develop an ear infection from an upper respiratory virus, such as the common cold or the flu.

These conditions can cause swelling in the Eustachian tube, which does not allow air to flow into the middle ear.

In the same way as smoke, fumes, and other environmental toxins can cause a cold or flu, allergies to pollen, dust, animal dander, or food can cause the same effects.

The presence of bacteria can cause ear infections directly, but often they are brought on by an ear infection caused by a viral infection or reaction to an allergen, allowing them to spread quickly through the moist, warm environment of the middle ear.

Invading bacteria then turns inflammation into infection and causes fevers. You should immediately consult your doctor and take the prescribed treatments by the doctors.

Risk factors of Ear Infection:

Age: Due to the size and shape of their eustachian tubes and because their immune systems are still developing, children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are more at risk of ear infections.

Group child care: A study found that children who stay at home are more likely to get colds and ear infections than children who attend group settings. It is more likely for children in group settings to contract infections, such as the common cold.

Infant feeding: Breastfed babies are less likely to get ear infections than babies who drink from a bottle, especially while lying down.

Seasonal factors: Those who suffer from seasonal allergies may have a greater risk of ear infections when pollen counts are high. Fall and winter are the most common times for ear infections.

Poor air quality: An increased risk of ear infections is associated with tobacco smoke and high levels of air pollution.

Alaska Native heritage: Alaska Natives are more likely to suffer from ear infections.

Cleft palate: Children with cleft palates may have difficulty draining their eustachian tubes due to differences in their bone structure and muscles.

Diagnosis of Ear Infection:

If you describe your symptoms to your doctor and undergo a physical exam, you can often be diagnosed with an ear infection or other condition.

This may involve using a lighted instrument (an otoscope) to examine the ears, throat, and nasal passage. In addition, you can use a stethoscope to listen to your child breathe.

Pneumatic otoscope: When a doctor is diagnosing an ear infection, he or she will use an instrument called a pneumatic otoscope. With this tool, the doctor can view the ear and determine whether fluid is present behind the eardrum.

In order to examine the eardrum with the pneumatic otoscope, your doctor gently puffs air towards it. When the middle ear is filled with fluid, this puff of air should cause the eardrum to move. If the middle ear does not contain fluid, the eardrum will not move.

Additional tests: If you have any doubt about a diagnosis, if previous treatments have not worked, or if you have other serious long-term problems, your doctor may recommend other tests.

Tympanometry: This test assesses the movement of the eardrum, which is caused by adjusting air pressure within the ear canal. The device measures the degree of movement of the eardrum, which is an indirect indicator of pressure within the middle ear.

Acoustic reflectometry: The eardrum absorbs the majority of the sound. However, when there is more pressure in the middle ear, the eardrum will reflect more sound. This test measures how much sound bounces back from the eardrum – an indirect measure of fluid pressure in the middle ear.

Tympanocentesis: An eardrum is pierced with a tiny tube, and fluid is drained from the middle ear, a procedure called tympanocentesis, which can help if previous treatments haven’t worked.

Other tests: You may be referred to a hearing specialist (audiologist), speech therapist, or developmental therapist if your child has had multiple ear infections or fluid accumulates in the middle ear. These tests will assess hearing, speech skills, language comprehension, and developmental abilities.

You can also read: DENTAL INJURIES: CAUSES, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Prevention of Ear Infection:

These tips can help prevent any type of ear infection:

If you are swimming or taking a shower, make sure your ears are dried completely afterward. Keep your ears clean by washing them and using cotton swabs to clean them.
You should not smoke, and you should avoid secondhand smoke as much as possible.
Avoid triggers and take allergy medications to manage your allergy symptoms.
Avoid contacting anyone who has a cold or other upper respiratory problems, and always wash your hands thoroughly.
Ensure your vaccines are up to date.

Treatment of Ear Infection:

If your doctor suspects that bacteria has caused the infection, based on your medical history, she may prescribe an antibiotic. An ear infection is often caused by a virus, in which case antibiotics will not help.

If you feel better at home, you may want to speak with your doctor.

Pain Relief :

Infections caused by viruses and bacteria can be cured, so there is no need to live with the pain while they heal.

Pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can also help reduce a fever. Aspirin should not be used on children, as it can cause a condition known as Reye’s syndrome, which can cause swelling in the brain and the liver.

Antibiotics:

If your doctor prescribes antibiotics, follow your doctor’s instructions carefully. Take all of the doses, even if you feel better. Call your doctor or pharmacist if you miss a dose or become ill after taking antibiotics. Your infection may return if you don’t finish the treatment course.

Drainage:

An ear infection that causes serious complications, fluid that stays in the ear for a long time, or a child who constantly gets ear infections might need a myringotomy.

During the procedure, the doctor creates a small hole in the eardrum so fluid, blood, or pus can drain out. Often, a tube is put in so it won’t get backed up.

Tubes let fluid out and air pass through to keep the middle ear dry. They usually fall out on their own within about 6 to 18 months.

Natural Remedies: The following tips can help ease your symptoms at home. Talk to your doctor first:

Warmth: It may be beneficial to use a heated compress.
Feedings: Feeding your baby with a bottle should be done standing up. Do not place your infant to sleep with one. When the doctor says it’s okay to take your child off it, do so as soon as possible.
Gargling: If your child has a raw throat or you are an adult, salt water can help soothe it and help clear the Eustachian tubes.
Fresh air: Smoking should not be done inside the house or anywhere near your child.

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Dental Injuries: Causes, Prevention and Treatment

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

Dental injuries cause broken, lost, or displaced teeth or damaged gums. If you have lost a tooth but can hold onto it, you may be able to save it if you are treated within 30 minutes.

Anesthesia-related dental injuries can be prevented by performing a preoperative anesthetic evaluation in which the doctor determines whether the patient has difficulty opening the mouth or if any fixed or removable dental prostheses exist. Any carious or loosened teeth should be discussed with the patient, especially any anterior teeth.

A patient who does not receive regular dental care may not realize the extent of their dental and periodontal health. The condition of hypermobility should be evaluated in patients with periodontal disease (e.g., gingival recession, gingivitis, stain, calculi deposits, exudate).

By applying pressure to the lingual aspect of the tooth with the index finger of the other hand and bracing the facial aspect with a tongue depressor blade or wooden cotton-tipped applicator, this can be completed.

Do not evaluate tooth mobility by wiggling a fingertip alone, since the body of the fingertip could be perceived as moving the tooth. Almost imperceptible movements are normal.

Traumatic Dental Injuries:

There is a possibility that traumatizing dental injuries will occur to anyone, regardless of age and level of activity. The cause could be a car accident, a fall down the stairs, or an elbow to the head during a basketball game. As with most types of dentistry, saving teeth at risk of being lost is the primary objective during traumatic dental injuries, as well as restoring their full function and appearance.

Below you will find guidelines on how to prevent sports-related dental injuries and what to do in the event of a dental injury. In many cases, whether or not a tooth can be saved depends on taking action immediately after an injury.

Sports-Related Dental Injuries

The majority of sports injuries are caused by dental trauma, yet many of these injuries are preventable. It can be preventable by using a high-quality mouthguard. Consult your dentist for one. Based on a model of your teeth, this mouthguard is strong, lightweight, and perfectly suited for you.

Ask your dentist if you (or your child) are active in sports about this essential piece of safety equipment. Then read on to find out what to do if you suffer specific kinds of dental injuries.

Chipped or Broken Teeth

A chipped or fractured tooth, or one that is loose or tender to the touch, should be treated within 12 hours, according to the American Association of Endodontists.

In some cases, restorations can reattach broken pieces of the tooth using tooth-colored bonding materials. If pieces of the tooth have broken off, you may be able to find them and reattach them.

Knocked-Out Teeth

Avulsed teeth require immediate attention: Carefully reach for the tooth, and try to avoid touching the root portion of the tooth. If the tooth is dirty, gently clean it with water. If you can’t reach the root portion of the tooth, contact your dentist immediately. Then, if possible, put the tooth back in its socket (ensuring that it’s oriented correctly) and press gently to hold it in place for five minutes. Use a wad of tissue or gauze to assist in grasping and holding the tooth in place.

Make sure you receive emergency dental treatment right away and check if a tetanus shot or booster is needed.

Partially Displaced Teeth

Within six hours of an accident, patients should visit a dentist or oral surgeon if teeth are pushed or driven into the jaw or out of alignment. After a thorough examination of the mouth (and x-rays, if needed), the extent of the damage should be confirmed, and restorative procedures should be prescribed.

Soft-Tissue Injuries

Dentists report that dental injuries often involve damage to the gums, the tongue, and the interior of the mouth, in addition to teeth.

You should follow the following steps if you suffer this type of soft-tissue injury, and then see a dentist right away: Wash and rinse the affected area with soap and water, or remove any debris. If bleeding cannot be controlled after about 10 minutes, go to an emergency room. Direct, gentle pressure can usually be applied to gauze pads placed on wounds to control bleeding.

Causes of Dental Injuries:

TRAUMA

The face or mouth can be injured by trauma. Car accidents, sports, falls, and sports injuries can all damage your teeth. Fortunately, minor tooth fractures are usually limited to chipping the enamel, which is easily treated.

The enamel of your tooth is the first layer of protection, while the dentin is the second. A deeper fracture can affect both the enamel and dentin, which can be more problematic. It is important to treat enamel, dentin, and pulp injuries as quickly as possible.

BITING AND CHEWING OBJECTS

A lot of people have the habit of biting down on things they find hard, such as pencils, ice cubes, hard candy, and even opening items with their teeth, which can result in tooth fractures.

If the object you are chewing is not food, it is advisable to avoid biting down on it or chewing, as a fractured or chipped tooth is possible.

WEAR AND TEAR

Your teeth undergo normal wear and tear daily. For example, if you eat many sugary foods and don’t practice good oral hygiene habits, you can develop cavities.

If not treated, cavities can result in gum disease, infection, and possible pulp damage. This can cause more long-term complications.

Prevention of Tooth Injuries

You can prevent tooth injuries from occurring in the future by using the following five wonderfully helpful tips.

Wear a mouthguard: Wearing a mouthguard can help prevent most sports-related teeth injuries. According to a study published in Sports Health, mouth guards do not significantly impair speech or breathing.

Wear a nightguard: If someone grinds their teeth nightly regularly, wearing a nightguard can greatly reduce their chances of getting tooth injuries.

Wear a special helmet: A specially made helmet can reduce the risk of tooth injury when someone has been diagnosed with a disorder that may cause them to fall.

Avoid eating hard foods or chewing on hard objects: Hard foods like nuts, hard candy, ice, and pencils can cause major tooth injuries. Chewing on hard objects such as pencils and cans can also cause serious tooth injuries, so changing or breaking this habit is necessary to avoid future injury.

Take safety measures at home: As many people are injured while at home, it’s important to secure the house to prevent children and the elderly from slipping or falling. Putting safety gates and padding on sharp furniture corners is another idea.

Treatment of Dental Injuries:

The treatment for injuries to the mouth and teeth will depend on the type of trauma. A dentist should examine these injuries, especially if a tooth is loose or damaged.

Visible damage to a tooth may cause nearby teeth to suffer similar damages which may not be visible unless detected by a dental exam.

Usually, tooth-colored fillings are recommended as a replacement for chipped or fractured teeth. If a significant part of the crown has been lost, an artificial crown or cap may be recommended.

An exposed pulp may require root canal treatment. Injury to the back teeth, such as a fractured cusp, may require a root canal and full-coverage crown. More serious injuries, such as split teeth, require the removal of the tooth entirely.

Children under 12 may not need root canal treatment because their teeth are still developing and may heal on their own. Moreover, dislodged (luxated) teeth need to be stabilized by the dentist, and root canal treatment may be needed.

Depending on how soon you act, the dentist may be able to replant teeth that have been avulsed (knocked out). In most cases, you can save the tooth as long as you receive treatment within 30-40 minutes. Any longer than that, and the chances of preserving the tooth decrease considerably.

The dentist will place the tooth back into the socket with a stabilizing splint for a few weeks before performing root canal treatment if necessary. If you cannot locate the tooth, handle it carefully by the crown – never touch the root!

The dentist may discuss other treatment options, such as extraction, if the tooth is not found or not treated soon enough.

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Dehydration: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

Water deficiency leads to dehydration when there is an insufficient supply of water in the body. If the brain and kidneys are working properly, however, the body will be able to adapt to minor changes in water intake. Water can be consumed enough to catch up on a regular day’s water loss, but you may not be able to do so if you are vomiting, have diarrhea, are exposed to excessive heat, or have a fever.

The elderly, infants, and children are all more susceptible to becoming dehydrated. Seniors are less able to recognize how dehydrated they are, which in turn can lead to them not drinking enough fluids. Diarrhea and vomiting cause proportionately more fluid loss in infants and young children than in older children and adults.

In some cases of dehydration, mild dehydration, however, may be fatal. When the body’s supply of fluids is drained below a certain point, hypovolemic shock may result.

Dehydration Risk Factors:

Dehydration isn’t restricted to athletes exposed to direct sunlight. Bodybuilders and swimmers are also susceptible to dehydration. Swimmers lose a lot of sweat when they swim, so they can sweat and water.

People with certain conditions are at higher risk for dehydration, including:

Welders, landscapers, construction workers, mechanics, and others who work outside in excessive heat should use protective equipment.
Older adults.
People with chronic conditions.
Running, cycling, and soccer athletes are among the most active types of athletes.
Infants and young children.
People who reside in high altitudes.

How does dehydration develop?

The Causes of dehydration development are as follows:

Dehydration occurs when one does not take in enough water or when one loses too much water.

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There are times when we cannot consume enough fluids due to being too busy, lacking access to drinking water, or in an area with no potable water (such as when hiking or camping). Other causes of dehydration are:

Diarrhea: Diarrhea is the main cause of dehydration. Food affects water absorption in the large intestine, and diarrhea prevents this process. The body excretes excessive amounts of water, leading to dehydration.

Vomiting: The result is loss of fluids and difficulty replacing them with water.

Sweating: During the body’s cooling process, large amounts of water are released. Humidity and exercise can also cause a greater loss of fluids. Similarly, a fever may increase sweating and cause the patient to become dehydrated, especially if there is diarrhea and vomiting.

Diabetes: Diabetes patients with high blood sugar levels experience increased urination and fluid loss in the summer heat. Tips for handling summer heat.

Frequent urination: Diabetic neuropathy is usually caused by uncontrolled diabetes, but it can also be caused by alcohol and medications like diuretics, antihistamines, blood pressure medications, and antipsychotics.

Burns: Damage to blood vessels can lead to fluid leaks into the surrounding tissue.

What are the signs of dehydration?

When dehydration is mild, symptoms may appear before total dehydration occurs. If it is severe, symptoms may appear sooner rather than later.

Dehydration can cause mild to moderate symptoms, such as:

fatigue
dry mouth
increased thirst
decreased urination
less tear production
dry skin
constipation
dizziness
lightheadedness
headache

The following symptoms of severe dehydration are likely to occur in addition to the symptoms of mild dehydration:

excessive thirst
lack of sweat production
low blood pressure
rapid heart rate
rapid breathing
sunken eyes
shriveled skin
dark urine

The following symptoms and signs of severe dehydration should get you immediate medical help:

How is dehydration diagnosed?

The symptoms of dehydration are determined both on a physical and mental level by a doctor. The symptoms of dehydration include fatigue, headache, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, fever, lack of sweat, and inelastic skin.

Electrolytes regulate hydration in the body, and they are crucial for nerve and muscle function. Blood tests are frequently used to test kidney function and check sodium, potassium, and other electrolyte levels.

Performing a urine analysis can provide important information about hydration levels in a person. Dehydrated individuals tend to have darker urine and their urine contains compounds called ketones.

A sunken soft spot on the skull is often a sign of dehydration in infants. Doctors may also observe a loss of sweat and certain muscle tone characteristics.

Strategies to treat dehydration:

Here are the five best ways to rehydrate quickly, whether you or someone else is concerned about hydration.

Water:

Keeping hydrated and rehydrating is usually the best and most cost-effective method.

Unlike a lot of other beverages, water does not contain added sugars or calories, making it the ideal drink to consume throughout the day or specifically after exercise to rehydrate.

Many factors, including genetics, contribute to some people losing more sodium through sweat than others. If your sweat stings when you’re sweating, you might be a “salty sweater.”

After an intense or lengthy exercise in hot environments, ensure that you replace the fluid you lose through sweat and the sodium you lose.

Coffee and tea:

Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee and tea, which can dehydrate temporarily in excess amounts due to its diuretic properties.

In moderation, however, both coffee and tea can serve as an energizing alternative to water and help you stay hydrated.

It takes roughly 250–300 mg of caffeine to dehydrate you. Therefore, two to three cups of coffee or five to eight cups of tea are equivalent to 2 to 3 two-ounce (240-ml) cups of caffeine.

Skim and low-fat milk:

Milk provides a host of nutrients, as well as great hydration. Milk naturally contains high concentrations of electrolytes, which help regulate your body’s water balance.

After extensive exercise, skim and low-fat milk can rehydrate you just as much as popular sports drinks, while also providing you with protein and other important nutrients.

Milk contains a high level of protein, making it a great post-exercise beverage for kickstarting muscle repair and growth

Fruits and vegetables:

Fruits and vegetables contain 80–99% water, making them the perfect snack for hydration. Compared to highly processed foods such as cookies, crackers, cereals, and chips, highly processed foods contain 1 to 9% water.

Water-rich fruits and vegetables include:

berries
melons
oranges
grapes
carrots
lettuce
cabbage
spinach

Oral hydration solutions:

Dehydration caused by diarrhea or vomiting can be treated with oral hydration solutions. Besides boosting exercise recovery, they are recommended for treating hangovers or preventing them.

Typically, these solutions are water-based and contain electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, and potassium, in addition to sugar, typically in the form of dextrose. Other ingredients that may be present include prebiotics and zinc.

A simple rehydration solution can be made using water, salt, and sugar at home. Sugar and electrolytes are present in oral hydration solutions.

You can also Read: WHAT IS DANDRUFF? SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION

How can I prevent dehydration?

5 top tips for preventing dehydration.

Know-How Much Water You Need: Instead of drinking eight glasses of water a day, you need to drink water according to your weight and activity level to avoid dehydration.

Sip Regularly: Drink as soon as you feel thirsty since dehydration usually occurs when you are very thirsty. Don’t forget to keep a full water bottle with you wherever you go. It’s easy to get caught up in the day that we forget to drink.

Eat Hydrating Foods Every Day: Consuming produce that is high in water content is a good way to prevent dehydration. You can hydrate your body throughout the day by eating hydrating foods such as grapes, berries, and melons.

Don’t drink anything other than water: Even though soda, coffee, tea, and alcohol are diuretic drinks, they cause dehydration symptoms even though they may quench your thirst. Dehydration can be prevented by avoiding or limiting their consumption.

Hydrate More During Exercise: While exercising, you sweat and lose some of your body’s fluids. The more water you lose, the more sweat you make. It’s important to replenish the water in our bodies since they are largely composed of it.

You should avoid dehydration at all costs, whether you work out every day or once a week.

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What is Dandruff? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

Introduction

It is made up of dead cells which protect the more fragile cells below, which are then shed by the scalp, eyebrows, or even along the sides of the nose. Dandruff can also be referred to as seborrheic dermatitis.

As cells are constantly produced and replaced by new ones, it is natural for these to be shed and rubbed off. In the case of dandruff, larger scales are shed at an increased rate.

Many people view dandruff as an unattractive or embarrassing aesthetic problem. It does not cause baldness, and it is not contagious. Itching may accompany it. Hair follicles (roots of the hair shafts) are not usually infected by dandruff.

Those who have acne or oily skin are more likely to suffer from dandruff. Men and women suffer from this problem equally. Scalp dandruff tends to become more common during adolescence and in early adulthood.

Summer is the best time to get rid of dandruff unless the weather is exceptionally hot and humid. Exposure to sunshine and reducing stress may help control dandruff.

Signs and Symptoms of Dandruff:

The signs and symptoms of dandruff include:

White flakes appear on dark clothes’ shoulders
Itchy scalp
Scaly facial skin
Recurrent ear “eczema”
Rash covering the eyebrows, nose, and ears
Dry flakes on the scalp and face due to oiliness
Eyebrow rash
Beard rash
Red spots and dry flakes on the chest

White flakes on dark clothes are often the first sign of dandruff, as is itchiness on the scalp. Dry facial skin without any other rashes or symptoms can also indicate the presence of dandruff.

In some cases, patients complain of dry skin that does not respond to lotions and creams purchased at the drugstore or from a department store. This is often caused by undiagnosed scalp dandruff that is affecting their face downstream.

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Hair follicles can produce dandelions on areas of the body with hair. These areas include the scalp, ears, face, and middle of the chest. No hair follicles are located on the palms or the soles.

Causes of Dandruff:

Causes of dandruff are:

Oily Scalp: Dandruff is caused by a fungus that thrives on an oily scalp; dandruff feeds on oil glands on the scalp. Greasy skin makes you susceptible to dandruff.

Weather: When you don’t rinse your hair promptly, oils and skin cells can accumulate on the scalp creating dandruff. Shampoos are mainly used to remove excess oil and product buildup.

Diet: Dairy products and foods that are high in fat will cause your scalp to suffer from dandruff, irritation, and itching if you consume too many of them.

Stress: Dandruff arises from stress, which causes a cycle where the more you scratch, the itchier your scalp becomes. Stress can cause any skin condition to worsen and impair your immune system.

Alkaline Shampoos: Hair products containing oil can also worsen dandruff. Shampoos with an alkaline pH disturb the scalp’s pH balance and cause dandruff. If you choose the wrong kind of shampoo, you could end up with damaged hair.

Brushing Your Hair Irregularly: Regularly brushing your hair will not only make them smooth and tangle-free but also prevent the build-up of dead skin on your scalp.

Not Shampooing Enough: In the absence of regular shampoo, your scalp can accumulate oils and skin cells, resulting in dandruff.

Risk Factors of Dandruff:

One can be affected by Dandruff for various reasons, including:

Skin type: Dry or oily skin is more likely to have dandruff.

Weather condition: Dandruff can be caused by extremely cold temperatures. Winter is the most common season for dandruff.

Diet: The consumption of excessively salty, sugary, spicy, or alcoholic foods and beverages may exacerbate Dandruff.

Age: Adults are more likely to have dandruff than children.

Gender: Men are more likely to suffer from dandruff than women, and it may be hormonal.

Poor diet: An unhealthy diet that consists of processed or junk foods is linked to Dandruff.

Poor immunity: A person with weak immunity, such as those with HIV, tuberculosis, etc., is more likely to develop dandruff.

Stress: Emotional stress has been proven by dermatologists and research studies to play a significant role in Dandruff development.

How Is Dandruff Diagnosed?

In most cases of dandruff, the cause can be determined by a thorough scalp examination. Occasionally, a scalp biopsy is recommended to remove a small amount of scalp skin under local anesthesia for examination under a microscope.

Preventions of Dandruff:

Following these steps can help you reduce your risk of dandruff or control it:

Learn to manage stress: You are more vulnerable to several conditions and diseases when you are stressed. Stress may even worsen the symptoms of conditions and diseases.

Eat a healthy diet: It may be possible to prevent dandruff by including enough zinc, B vitamins, and certain types of fats in your diet.

Follow a hair and scalp care routine that suits you: When your hair tends to be dry and your scalp is sensitive, shampoo less frequently and condition your scalp between wash days if you have an oily scalp. Gently massage your scalp to remove flakes. Rinse thoroughly.

Get a little sun: Sunlight might help control your dandruff, but skin cancer risks increase when your skin is exposed to ultraviolet light. To prevent skin cancer, don’t sunbathe. Instead, take a stroll outside, and wear sunscreen on your face and body.

Limit hair-styling products: Hair-styling products can accumulate on the hair and scalp, making them oilier.

Treatment for Dandruff:

If dandruff doesn’t improve, try a medicated shampoo to soothe itching and flaking. For mild dandruff, cleanse with a gentle shampoo to remove oil and skin cells.

People with drier hair may be better off using less frequent shampooing and moisturizing conditioner for the hair or scalp if they can tolerate using a medicated shampoo two to three times a week.

You may need to try more than one product to find the routine that works best for you. You may also need to continue treatment for a prolonged period. You will probably need to undergo several treatments.

You should stop using any product that is causing itching or stinging. If you experience an allergic reaction, such as a rash, hives, or difficulty breathing, you should see your doctor right away.

There are different types of shampoos for treating dandruff. Some of them require a prescription and contain stronger formulas.

Pyrithione zinc shampoos (DermaZinc, Head & Shoulders, others). The zinc pyrithione present in these products acts as an antibacterial and antifungal.
Tar-based shampoos (Neutrogena T/Gel, Scalp 18 Coal Tar Shampoo, others): It may cause discoloration of light-colored hair if you use this type of shampoo. It can also cause sensitivity to sunlight if you have light-colored hair.
Shampoos that contain salicylic acid (Jason Dandruff Relief Treatment Shampoo, Baker P&S, others): These products help eliminate scaling.
Selenium sulfide shampoos (Head & Shoulders Intensive, Selsun Blue, others): The products in this category contain an antifungal agent. For optimal results, use the products as directed, and rinse well after shampooing to avoid discoloration of the hair and scalp.
Ketoconazole shampoos (Nizoral Anti-Dandruff): Activating this shampoo kills the fungus that causes dandruff on your scalp.
Fluocinolone shampoos (Capex, Derma-Smoothe/FS, others): To reduce itching, flaking, and irritation, these products contain a corticosteroid.

To prevent and maintain dandruff, use the medicated shampoo less frequently after it has been controlled. If one type of shampoo works for a time and then loses effectiveness, try alternating between two types of shampoos.

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Cirrhosis: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

What is Cirrhosis?

The condition of Cirrhosis involves the replacement of healthy liver tissue by nonliving scar tissue, which inhibits blood flow through the liver and reduces the liver’s ability to process nutrients, hormones, and medications.

Cirrhosis has always been associated with other liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). If cirrhosis is not treated, liver failure may occur.

The liver can become scarred or fibrotic when it is exposed to toxic substances – like alcohol and drugs – or to inflammation, which is often caused by liver diseases.

Symptoms of Cirrhosis:

In the early stages of cirrhosis, symptoms are rare. However, as scar tissue accumulates, the liver loses its ability to function properly. The following symptoms may occur:

On the upper abdomen, blood capillaries are visible.
fatigue
insomnia
There is pain or tenderness around the liver
itchy skin
loss of appetite
loss of bodyweight
nausea
red or blotchy palms
weakness

As liver cirrhosis progresses, the following signs and symptoms may become apparent:

accelerated heartbeat
personality changes
bleeding gums
mass loss in the body and upper arms
difficulties processing drugs and alcohol
confusion
dizziness
a fluid buildup on the legs, ankles, and feet, known as edema
hair loss
higher susceptibility to bruising
Jaundice
loss of sex drive
memory problems
Increased fevers and infection risks
muscle cramps
nosebleeds
pain in the right shoulder
breathlessness
Black and tarry stools are produced, or stools turn very pale.
urine becomes darker.
blood in vomiting
problems in walking and mobility

Causes of Cirrhosis:

Long-term excessive alcohol consumption and hepatitis C virus infection are two of the most common causes of liver cirrhosis. However, several other conditions can also damage the liver and cause cirrhosis. ‘Fat liver’, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is the major cause of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is mainly caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus.

Alcoholic liver cirrhosis:

Cirrhosis is a disease that can develop after drinking excessive amounts of alcohol over many years. Chronic drinking of alcohol is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis.

Liver cirrhosis and hepatitis:

Viruses, like hepatitis B or C viruses, cause viral hepatitis, which is inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B, as well as hepatitis C, can result in liver cirrhosis. Alcohol increases your risk of developing cirrhosis if you have either of these conditions.

Liver cirrhosis and fatty liver:

Unlike an alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) causes fat to accumulate in the liver. It affects about 20 percent of Australians and is becoming more prevalent in children who are overweight or obese.

Liver cirrhosis from inherited conditions:

Inheritable liver conditions can cause scarring that contributes to cirrhosis. These include:

hemochromatosis
galactosemia
cystic fibrosis
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Other causes of liver cirrhosis:

Several medical conditions can damage the liver and cause cirrhosis, including:

some autoimmune diseases – This condition occurs when immune cells attack the liver. It is caused by autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis (inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts).

exposure to poisons – Prolonged exposure to environmental toxins such as arsenic can cause liver damage and lead to cirrhosis since the liver is responsible for cleaning the blood of toxins.

schistosomiasis – Chronic schistosomiasis damages organs including the liver. It is caused by an intestinal parasite called Schistosoma. The worm is spread to humans by snails.

certain medications – in rare cases, may cause cirrhosis in susceptible people.

unknown conditions – There is evidence that cirrhosis can occur in about one-third of cases (called ‘cryptogenic cirrhosis’, which can result from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).

Risk Factors of Cirrhosis:

Chronic hepatitis (B and C)
Bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections
Alcoholism
Smoking
Injecting illicit drugs (including shared needles)
Tattoo and body piercing needles that are not sufficiently sterilized
Fatty liver disease
Primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangiocarcinomas are autoimmune conditions
Hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease are two rare inherited or genetically associated conditions
Unprotected sex
Diabetes
Obesity
High levels of triglycerides in the blood

Other risk factors include:

Gender – Compared to men, women are more prone to liver cirrhosis.

Age – People between the ages of 30 and 60 are more likely to suffer from liver problems.

Genetics – An individual’s susceptibility to liver disease can be increased if they have close family members with liver disease.

Diagnosis of Cirrhosis:

You will have a physical exam with your healthcare provider. After reviewing your past health, they will determine your current health.

Some other tests may be administered to you, including:

Blood tests: Tests may be done to determine your liver function, your blood clotting ability, and how well your liver is functioning.

Liver biopsy: A needle is used to take small samples of liver tissue from the patient. These samples are examined under a microscope to determine the type of liver disease.

Depending on your healthcare provider, you may need imaging tests such as:

CT scan (computed tomography): CT scans are imaging tests in which X-rays and a computer are used to detect abnormalities in bones, muscles, fat, and organs.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): This imaging technique uses a magnetic field and radio waves to take detailed pictures of your internal organs. A dye may be injected into your vein to enhance the visibility of the liver and other organs.

Ultrasound: It uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. It checks how blood is flowing through blood vessels.

Alternatively, you may undergo an upper endoscopy (EGD), in which a flexible lighted camera is inserted through your mouth into your upper digestive tract to look for enlarged blood vessels that are at risk of bleeding.

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In the case of fluid in the belly (ascites), you will likely need to follow a low sodium diet, take water pills (diuretics), and have the fluid removed with a needle (paracentesis).

Complications of Cirrhosis:

Complications of cirrhosis can include:

Having high blood pressure in the vessels supplying the liver (portal hypertension): Cirrhosis causes the liver’s blood flow to slow down, increasing pressure in the vein that transfers blood from the intestines and spleen to the liver.
Swelling in the legs and abdomen: Edema and ascites can be caused by inflammation in the legs (edema) and the abdomen (ascites). Inadequate liver production of certain blood proteins can also lead to edema and ascites.
Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly): As a result of portal hypertension, the spleen can become enlarged, which can cause white blood cells and platelets to be trapped. This is the first sign of cirrhosis that you will notice a decrease in white blood cells and platelets.
Bleeding: Hypertension in the portal veins can cause blood to be redirected to smaller veins, which can burst if restrained by the extra pressure. If the liver cannot produce enough clotting factors, this too can contribute to continued bleeding. Port hypertension may cause enlarged veins in the esophagus (esophageal varices) or stomach (gastric varices) which can lead to life-threatening bleeding.
Infections: When you have cirrhosis, you can have problems fighting infections. Ascites can lead to a serious infection called bacterial peritonitis.

Malnutrition: Having cirrhosis may cause your body to have difficulty processing nutrients, which can result in weight loss and weakness.
The buildup of toxins in the brain: By comparison, a healthy liver is capable of clearing the blood of toxins more efficiently. Toxins can build up in the brain and cause confusion and difficulty concentrating, and hepatic encephalopathy can progress to unresponsiveness and coma over time.
Jaundice: Symptoms of jaundice include yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, and darkening of the urine, which are caused by the diseased liver not removing enough bilirubin from the blood.
Bone disease: Cirrhosis may lead to bone loss and increase fracture risk.
Acute-on-chronic cirrhosis: In some cases, people with cirrhosis go on to experience multiorgan failure. Scientists are not sure why this occurs, but they think it could be caused by cirrhosis itself.

Preventions of Cirrhosis:

Cirrhosis can be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

If you have cirrhosis, do not drink alcohol. Consult your doctor if you have liver disease but not cirrhosis so they can determine whether you are allowed to drink alcohol at all. For women of all ages and men over 65, the recommended amount is one to two drinks per day.
Eat a healthy diet. Avoid fried foods and fatty foods. Caffeinated coffee may protect against fibrosis and liver cancer. Consume fruit and vegetables regularly. Choose whole grains and lean proteins.

Maintain a healthy weight. Overweight or obese individuals can have liver damage due to an excess amount of body fat. Speak with your physician about losing weight.
Reduce your risk of hepatitis. You can get hepatitis B and C from sharing needles and having unprotected sex. Your doctor can give you a hepatitis vaccination.
Avoid using drugs. You should avoid using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as they can damage your liver.

Treatment of Cirrhosis:

Cirrhosis can’t be reversed, but treatment for the disease can stop or slow progress and reduce complications. Treatment varies depending on what is causing cirrhosis and whether specific complications have developed.

Self-Care at Home for Cirrhosis:

When you stop drinking alcohol, you will notice a difference in how you feel and how fast the disease is progressing.
Make sure you avoid medications that may cause harm to your liver (Tylenol), kidneys (Advil), or both. Ask your doctor for a list of these medications.
A low-sodium diet can help you if you have fluid retention problems.
Protein intake should be decreased if you have ever developed liver-related brain disorders (hepatic encephalopathy).

Medical Treatment for Cirrhosis:

There are several ways in which cirrhosis can be treated. The most common is to treat the symptoms. Some underlying causes of cirrhosis, such as Wilson’s disease, can be treated by medication.

Studies have looked at several medicines, including steroids, penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen), and anti-inflammatory (colchicine), but none of them have shown prolonged survival or improved survival rates.

Portal hypertension: The blood pressure in your blood vessels can be lowered with a drug called a beta-blocker.

Ascites: As your liver ages, its blood flow slows, putting pressure on your blood vessels, forcing fluid out into the surrounding tissues, where it is retained.
- You may be prescribed water pills (diuretics), which will remove extra fluids from your body, causing you to urinate more frequently.
- If you have a large amount of fluid in your abdomen, a needle may be inserted to remove it. However, this fluid usually collects again.
Hepatic encephalopathy: Your symptoms might be severe enough that you need to be hospitalized, particularly if you have become so confused you cannot care for yourself.
Clotting disorders: To correct clotting disorders, adequate protein intake and vitamin supplements are important.

Itching: Itching can be reduced with medications.

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Cavities: Tooth Decay, Toothache, Causes, Prevention & Treatment

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

What is a Cavity?

Cavities, commonly known as tooth decay, can be caused when your tooth enamel, the hard, outer layer of your teeth, is destroyed. Plaque, a film of bacteria that builds up on your teeth, is constantly forming.

A cavity forms when the enamel on your teeth breaks down due to acid from plaque caused by sugar-containing foods. Because plaque sticks to your teeth, this erosion leads to cavities. Cavities are tiny holes in your teeth that are largely caused by decay.

Although cavities are more common in children, age-related changes make them a problem for adults, as well. The recession of gums away from their teeth, along with an increased incidence of gum disease, creates an environment where plaque can accumulate.

The roots of your teeth are surrounded by soft, decay-prone cementum, which is more sensitive to touch and temperature. People over age 50 are more likely to develop tooth-root decay.

Often, older adults suffer from decay around fillings, or at the margins of fillings. That’s because most older adults didn’t receive fluoride or preventive dental care growing up.

Bacteria accumulate in tiny crevices of the fillings of the tooth, causing acid to build up which leads to decay. Over time, these fillings might weaken and crack and leak around the edges.

How common are cavities?

Cavities are a common disease. In the middle of their 30s, more than 80% of Americans will have at least one cavity. Cavities are one of the most chronic diseases which affect people of any age at any time.

Who might get a cavity?

In children, teens, and older adults, cavity-causing tooth decay is especially prevalent, but everyone with teeth is susceptible to the condition, including infants.

Regular dental visits and good brushing and flossing habits will eliminate cavities and tooth decay. If you ignore cavities, they can lead to severe toothache, infection, and tooth loss.

What are the types of cavities?

The most common image of a cavity is a tiny hole in the tooth surface. While this is a fairly accurate representation, cavities can affect teeth in various ways. Here are the three most common types of cavities, along with the proper treatment options.

The Major Types of Cavities

Root cavities – This occurs when tooth roots develop cavities.

Pit and fissure cavities – The grooves on the surfaces of molars that bite into the cheeks have areas of decay.

Smooth-surface cavities – Decay on the surfaces of teeth that have flat, smooth surfaces.

What causes cavities?

Cavities are the result of several steps starting with the loss of tooth mineral (demineralization) and ending with the consumption of the whole tooth until a cavity is formed.

Likewise, food that has carbohydrates can cause tooth decay when it becomes trapped between the teeth and is not fully removed by brushing and flossing.

Foods and beverages high in sugar and sticky tend to cause tooth decay. The more sugar you consume, the more acid, also known as acetic acid, is produced, causing decay. Sugar combines with plaque to weaken tooth enamel, resulting in decay.

It is important to be aware of the factors that contribute to tooth decay so you know to protect your teeth and maintain good health. Cavities and tooth decay factors to be aware of:

Poor Oral Hygiene: Tooth enamel is weakened when plaque builds up and does not get brushed regularly.

Plaque Formation: When plaque is not removed regularly, it will adhere to your teeth and build up over time. Sugar present in plaque can produce acid, which can attack your teeth’ enamel and ultimately result in holes in your teeth, also known as cavities.

Dry Mouth: When you have a dry mouth with a little saliva, plaque and bacteria can accumulate more quickly. Saliva helps wash away plaque from the teeth and buffer acid.

Eating and Drinking: The first step in preventing cavities is eating and drinking since we need them to survive, but they do contribute to the development of cavities. When you consume carbohydrates, they remain on your teeth until you brush them away.

The clinging agent in foods can increase your risk of developing a tooth cavity even after you brush. Foods that adhere to your teeth can cause cavities to develop, even after you brush. If you drink milk or sugary sodas or eat dried fruit, dry cereal, hard candy, caramel, taffy, raisins, sugary cereals, or cookies, be sure to brush your teeth regularly.

Plaque Bacteria and Acid: Bacteria naturally reside on your teeth and in your mouth, which means they digest the carbohydrates you retain on them and in your mouth. Acid is formed when this happens.

Medical Problems: Radiation treatments that are given to the head and neck can cause an increase in tooth decay by altering the way saliva is made so it promotes bacterial growth.

What are the risk factors for cavities?

Several factors can put you at risk of dental caries, including:

Excessive sweets- We all know that sugary snacks and drinks provide the bacteria lurking in the mouth with a lot of fuel to carry out their destructive activities. Causing plaque on the teeth can also be stimulated by foods and drinks that stick to them.

Poor oral hygiene- Visiting your dentist for regular cleanings will help to remove any plaque you missed after a thorough brushing and flossing routine. Plaque is damaged by acid, but it can be prevented with a good oral hygiene routine.

Cutting corners with your oral hygiene will increase the chances that you will suffer from cavities. Seeing your dentist regularly offers an opportunity to address problems early before they become more difficult to treat.

Tooth placement- You should schedule an appointment with a dentist if you have any teeth that are misaligned or located in the back of your mouth. There are many options for correcting misaligned teeth.

Inadequate fluoride- Too much fluoride can be harmful, but without enough fluoride, teeth are more at risk of decay. Fluoride is a mineral that is widely recognized as a powerful enemy of dental decay.

Certain health conditions- With dry mouth, less saliva is produced to wash bacteria and plaque from teeth surfaces. Heartburn and poor eating habits can lead to stomach acids destroying the enamel, weakening it, and making it easier to decay. Other medications and health conditions can also lead to tooth decay.

Worn dental fixes- Dental fillings, crowns, and other repairs restore the appearance and function of damaged teeth. But they weaken and wear out over time, creating hiding places for bacteria. They aren’t designed to last forever, so seeing your dentist regularly will ensure they are still intact.

What are the signs of cavities?

A cavity may begin with different signs. An already existing cavity may also display red flags that suggest it is getting larger.

These are some of the most common symptoms of a cavity.

Dark Spots: When a cavity begins or occurs, it creates dark spots on a tooth’s surface. At first glance, these spots may appear as simple discoloration and you may even believe that you just have a mild stain on your teeth. Eventually, the dark spot can grow larger, indicating decay. Cavities can also appear as white spots on teeth in some cases.
Sensitivity to Hot or Cold: Once the decay begins to penetrate the tooth further, the dentin will become exposed. The dentin is more porous, and this can cause sensitivity problems. You might notice that you are experiencing sensitivity problems on one or two of your teeth.
Holes or Craters on Teeth: The bacteria that cause cavities to start eating away at the enamel, causing small pits and holes. These pits are indications that you have a cavity needing a filling. The decay can be easily removed, and the new filling will fill in the visible hole.
Pain and Discomfort: You may have difficulty biting down on a tooth that has a cavity. Some patients experience discomfort when brushing or flossing certain areas due to the dentin being exposed, impacting the inside of the tooth.
Swelling or Bleeding Gums: It can result in bleeding or swollen gums when the cavity is located near the gum line. Infected teeth near the gum line can also cause gingivitis, so a visit to the dentist is recommended.

How are cavities diagnosed?

The dentist will use various instruments to inspect your teeth at a twice-a-year dental checkup for the best chance of saving a lot of your teeth. Early detection of cavities is crucial. When your dentist probes a tooth with a cavity, it will feel softer. X-rays will also show cavities before they become visible.

How are cavities managed or treated?

Early detection of cavities and other dental problems can prevent more serious problems. The sooner you seek assistance, the better your chance of getting rid of the earliest signs of tooth decay. It is probably not necessary to treat an extensive cavity if it is treated before it causes pain.

Cavities can be treated in various ways depending on their severity and your circumstances. Some options include:

Fluoride treatments: It is sometimes possible to reverse a cavity in its very early stages with a fluoride treatment that restores the enamel to your tooth.

You will get fluoride treatments in liquids, gels, foams, or varnishes that can be brushed over your teeth or placed in a tray that fits over your teeth. These treatments have more fluoride than tap water, toothpaste, and mouthwash.

Fillings: In cases of decay where the earliest stages of decay have been reached, fillings, also known as restorations, are the preferred treatment option. Various materials are used for dental fillings, including tooth-colored composite resin, porcelain, and dental amalgam that combines several materials.

Crowns: The entire natural crown of your tooth may need to be replaced with a crown – a custom-fitted cover that replaces the chewing surface throughout.

Your dentist will remove enough of your remaining tooth to ensure a good fit. You can get crowns made out of gold, high-quality porcelain, resin, porcelain fused to metal, etc.

Root canals: A root canal is prescribed when decay infects the inner material of the tooth (the pulp). The diseased tooth pulp is removed during the procedure, allowing the tooth to be repaired and saved rather than being extracted.

An infected root canal is often treated with medication, followed by a filling over the pulp.

Tooth extractions: You can remove a tooth if it becomes so severely decayed that it cannot be repaired. Having your tooth pulled can cause another tooth to shift. If you cannot replace the missing tooth with a bridge or dental implant, consider getting a bridge.

How can I prevent a cavity?

A sticky plaque adheres to your teeth where the acid attacks your tooth enamel, leading to cavities. When you eat or drink sugars, bacteria use them as a source of acid. So, here are some tips to prevent a cavity which you have to follow to stop the cavity.

Brush Your Teeth
Floss or Clean Between Your Teeth Daily
Eat Healthily
Avoid frequent snacking and sipping
Visit Your Dentist and Dental Hygienist regularly
Have Sealants Placed
Use a Mouthrinse
Chew (Sugarless) Gum

What are the complications of cavities?

Many people take tooth decay and cavities for granted. And you might assume it doesn’t matter if your child gets cavities in his or her baby teeth. However, even if your child still has baby teeth, cavities can have serious and lasting consequences.

Complications of cavities may include:

Pain
Tooth abscess
Chewing problems
Positioning shifts of teeth after tooth loss
Swelling or pus around a tooth
Damage or broken teeth

The following can happen when cavities and decay get severe:

Pain limits one’s ability to function normally.
Loss of weight or nutritional problems caused by painful or difficult chewing or eating.
The loss of a tooth can negatively affect your appearance, self-esteem, and confidence.
There are rare cases of a tooth abscess, which is a pocket of pus on the gum line caused by a bacterial infection and can lead to life-threatening infections.

What is the prognosis (outlook) for people with cavities?

Since cavities develop gradually, it’s important to get regular dental examinations since most people with cavities won’t suffer long-term problems. In the early stages of tooth decay, fluoride treatments can prevent decay from reaching the root, which can result in the loss of the tooth or painful abscesses (infections).

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Chalazion: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

Leave a Comment / Health and Tips / Sarvesh Joshi

What is a chalazion?

Chalazion (also known as Meibomian cyst) is a cyst in the eyelid caused by a blocked meibomian gland. The cyst is typically in the middle of the eyelid, is red, and is not painful. They usually appear gradually over a few weeks.

A chalazion may occur after a stye or if hardened oils block the gland. Meibomian glands are typically blocked, but Zeis glands can also malfunction.

To keep your eyes moisturized, your eyelids contain tiny glands that secrete an oily substance. Rather than experiencing pain, a chalazion occurs when one of these glands becomes obstructed.

Is chalazion is a stye?

The skin around or inside the eyelids may develop lumps called styes and chalazia. The symptoms may be painful or annoying, but they rarely lead to serious complications. The majority of these will disappear without treatment.

Infections that cause tender red lumps on the eyelids are called styes. Styes are most common along the eyelid edge. It is called an internal hordeolum when a stye occurs inside the eyelid. An external hordeolum appears at the base of the eyelash. Hair follicle infections are the most common cause. You might think it’s a pimple at first glance.

A chalazion is a lump that forms on the eyelids. Although chalazia can look like styes, they are usually larger and don’t hurt.

A bacterial infection is the cause of styes. The bacteria usually grow at the root (follicle) of an eyelash. The infection in a tiny oil gland of the eyelid causes a stye.

During the stye growth, the eyelids may become swollen and painful, and an eyewatering may occur. It normally takes 3 days for the styes to break open and drain. Most styes will heal within about a week.

Causes of Chalazion

The development of chalazia is often caused by something blocking the small oil gland inside the eyelid. Keeping the eyes moist is the function of these glands. Oil starts to accumulate in a blocked gland, which swells. The fluid on your eyelid will drain eventually, so you may have a lump.

The following are some additional causes of chalazia:

Rosacea (an inflamed skin condition that causes acne and redness).
Efficacy of topical medications for chronic blepharitis, inflammation of the eyelid (redness, swelling, irritation).
Seborrheic dermatitis (which is characterized by a red, dry, flaky, itchy face).
Infectious tuberculosis (TB).
Infections caused by viruses.

Chalazion Risk Factors

Adults have a higher prevalence of chalazia than children. Your chances to have a chalazion is higher if you have:

A condition of inflammation of the eyelid (blepharitis)
It might be seborrheic dermatitis, acne rosacea, or an inflammatory skin condition
The presence of other diseases, such as diabetes and tuberculosis
Previous experience with chalazion

What are the symptoms of a chalazion?

In most cases, a chalazion is a harmless lump or swelling on your upper or lower eyelid. In addition to affecting the upper and lower lids, chalazia may also affect both eyes simultaneously. Depending on the size and location of the chalazion, it may cause blurriness or obstruction of vision.

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A chalazion can be red, swollen, and painful if it is infected, although it is not as common. This condition occurs more often in adults than children; most commonly in people between the ages of 30 and 50.

Additionally, you can have:

An unsightly bump on the upper eyelid that is painless.
Irritation leading to watering of the eyes.
The heavy appearance of the eyelids
A chalazion pushing against the eyeball causes blurred vision.

There is no guarantee that the symptoms described above indicate you have a chalazion. Please consult your ophthalmologist if you experience any or all of these symptoms.

Diagnosis of chalazion

The diagnosis of chalazia cannot be confirmed with a specific test. When you have a chalazion, you will usually seek treatment from an eye specialist. A doctor of optometry or ophthalmology might examine you. In this case, healthcare providers can examine the chalazion and prescribe treatment options.

When you visit an eye specialist, you can expect:

Please include your full medical history. This data can provide clues to your provider as to what underlying problems might be causing the chalazion to form.
Your provider is likely to examine your eye, eyelid, eyelashes, and skin texture during an external examination.
In a thorough eyelid examination, eye specialists use magnification to examine the base of the eyelashes under bright lights. In addition, they examine the openings of oil glands.

Potential Misdiagnosis

In cases where lesions appear around the eye, a chalazion may not be the best diagnosis.

Lesions that appear frequently in the same place, don’t respond to treatment, or are strange in appearance are cases to notify an ophthalmologist. There may be another health issue underlying the lesion.

Among the medical conditions that can lead to misdiagnosis are:

There is a possibility that these abnormal masses of tissues are benign or malignant. To exclude cancers such as sebaceous gland carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, a biopsy and microscopic analysis will be required.
Infectious masses. Meibomian gland drainage can be affected by leishmaniasis or tuberculosis (TB). Eye care specialists may have more insight into the health issue due to the travel history, immune status, and exposure to TB of a patient.
Immune disorders. In patients suffering from an immunodeficiency disorder such as AIDS or other diseases that affect the immune system, ophthalmic features in hyper-IgE syndrome can occur.

Treatment for Chalazion

Home treatment:

In most cases, chalazion usually resolves on its own within a few weeks without any medical assistance. It may take 2 weeks or 1 month or even 6 months.

During this time, it is best to avoid squeezing or popping the chalazion, as this can increase the possibility of an eye infection.

It is possible to speed up the healing process with several safe ways that promote drainage. The following are among them:

Warm compresses:

A warm compress can be applied to the affected eye to soften any hardened oil blocking the gland ducts. This opens the ducts and improves drainage, which can reduce irritation.

Use and make a warm compress as follows:

In a bowl of warm water, soak a soft, clean cloth or cotton pad.
Make sure all excess liquid is wrung out.
Put the damp cloth or pad on the eyelids and let them sit for 10–15 minutes.
The compress should be kept warm by frequently wetting it.
It is recommended to repeat this daily until the swelling is reduced.

Gentle massage:

The oil ducts can be more effectively draining by gently massaging the eyelids each day. If you are going to do this, ensure your hands are clean to reduce the chance of infection. Keeping the area clean and avoiding contact with the chalazion once the draining has begun is crucial.

Surgery:

A doctor may recommend surgery to drain a chalazion if it is severe or persistent. If it is troublesome or persistent, a small operation might be a good idea. For this, your physician can refer you to an eye surgeon (ophthalmologist).

Most of the time, the operation is carried out under local anesthesia, but some patients, particularly children, may need a general anesthetic instead. There is a numbing effect on the eyelid. On the inside of the eyelid, a small cut is made to release the contents of the cyst, then it is scraped out. It is common to prescribe antibiotic drops or ointment after surgery.

Steroid injection:

A soluble steroid injection, generally 0.1 to 0.2 ml of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), may be given intralesionally or subcutaneously to treat chalazia, as the inflammatory cells are sensitive to steroids.

Approximately 77% to 93% of the applications are successful. There is the possibility of occlusion of the central retinal artery, acne-related focal depigmentation, and inadvertent ocular penetration in dark-skinned patients.

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Among the many treatment options available, it’s simple and effective, with a high success rate. It may achieve the same results as orthopedic surgery (I&C). Surgical treatment is recommended for lesions that have been present for a long time.

For marginal lesions and those located near the lacrimal punctum, steroid injections are preferred over surgery because of the risks of surgery. Injections alone have an 80% success rate. If needed, a second injection can be administered approximately one to two weeks later.

Carbon dioxide laser:

Using a CO2 laser for chalazion excision is also a safer procedure with minimal bleeding and no need for eye patches

Over-the-counter treatments:

A chalazion or stye can be treated with many over-the-counter products. By reducing irritation and preventing infection, these remedies may speed up healing. Medicated eye pads, ointments, and solutions are some of these products. It is beneficial to get advice from a pharmacist.

Complications during chalazion:

When the cornea is compressed, astigmatism can result from a large chalazion.

Due to the use of lasers for corneal surgery, where parts are burned away, leaving the cornea weak and vulnerable, people can develop deformities in the cornea after the operation from small chalazion.

The conjunctival approach of injection, however, is less likely to result in adverse effects such as hypopigmentation and fat atrophy.

Occasionally, chalazion recurrence at the same site may indicate sebaceous cell cancer

Prevention of chalazion

If you follow good hygiene habits, you can avoid getting chalazion. The following are essential elements of good hygiene:

Hand-washing: Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly. Touching your eyes should be done only after washing your hands.
Contact lens care: Before removing your contact lenses, wash your hands. Ensure that your contacts have been cleaned thoroughly with a disinfectant and lens cleaning solution. Don’t forget to throw away daily and limited-time contacts on time.
Face-washing: Remove dirt and makeup from your face by washing it every day. For people with blepharitis, a special scrub or baby shampoo may be recommended to cleanse your eyelids.
Makeup hygiene: You should throw away all of your old makeup. Every two to three months, be sure to replace your mascara and eye shadow. Be careful about sharing and using other people’s makeup.
Warm water compression: Using a warm compress on closed eyelids three times a day for five minutes before sleep can help prevent the Meibomian gland from clogging in the middle of the night.
Gentle massage: Do a gentle massage over and under your eyelids every day for two to three minutes. You can use this method to unclog your oil glands.

How long will I have a chalazion?

There will be differences in the results from patient to patient and from condition to condition. Generally, a chalazion can last for a week, a month, or even longer. Chalazia is more common among patients with blepharitis, an inflammation of the eyelids.

Rub one’s eyes frequently and have poor hygiene, and you are more likely to get styes and chalazia. The children can also pick at them, causing simultaneous cellulitis, even though they are not dangerous. In the absence of oral antibiotics, cellulitis can be fatal.

In most cases, a chalazion will heal within one week, or less, if treated properly.

Conclusion:

First, everyone thinks it’s a pimple near the eyelid, but it’s usually not. You may have a stye or chalazion. However, if it is not causing pain, it is most likely a Chalazion. There is no acute or fatal infectious disease associated with a chalazion. This type of skin condition can occur to any person who is careless when it comes to their skin and face.

Preventative measures are better than cures, as we all know. Make a habit of washing your face every single day at appropriate intervals of time, ensuring good hygiene.

Within one month or six months, the disease will be cured. A chalazion is a self-cure disease that will go away without treatment but if it does not go, you should take the proper advice of your doctor and be regular with the treatment.

Several treatments are available, including water compression, gentle massage, maintaining proper hygiene, small surgeries, steroid injections, and antibiotic creams.

Don’t neglect your skin and health. Maintaining good hygiene and drinking a lot of water are the keys to healthy skin.

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